Journal of Intelligent Strategic Management

Journal of Intelligent Strategic Management

Presenting a Paradigmatic Model for Managing Cultural Distance in the Internationalization Process of Iraqi Businesses

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Ahmad Valid Alemari 1
Mohammad Bashokouh Ajirloo 2
Ghasem Zarei 2
Hossein Rahimi Klour 3
1 PhD Student in Marketing Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
3 Associate of professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
10.87453/bumara.2026.373501.437
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to develop a paradigmatic model for managing cultural distance in the internationalization process of Iraqi businesses. The research focuses on identifying the causal conditions, contextual factors, strategies, consequences, and challenges associated with managing cultural distance during the entry into and expansion of international operations. The ultimate purpose is to provide a localized framework aligned with the institutional and cultural characteristics of Iraq.
Method: This research adopts a qualitative approach based on the Glaserian grounded theory methodology.Data were collected through 18 semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of international business in Iraq. Participants included international business managers, researchers, and academic scholars. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that as cultural distance and institutional uncertainty increase, the need to manage cultural distance as a strategic organizational capability. This capability is developed within the context of local networks, informal relationships, and unwritten rules, while its effectiveness is contingent upon factors such as the level of cultural intelligence, organizational learning capacity, and the quality of entry strategy design and corporate governance systems. By integrating strategies related to cultural preparedness, networking and legitimacy building, institutional–cultural translation and adaptation, governance design and risk mitigation, and organizational learning and knowledge institutionalization, firms can reduce cultural friction and ultimately enhance performance, scalability, and sustainable international development. The findings, offer practical implications and actionable recommendations for firms engaged in international trade in Iraq.
Keywords
Cultural distance
internationalization process
Iraqi businesses
Subjects
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Journal of Intelligent Strategic Management

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 05 August 2026